Sources

Home

The lead readings link to their full articles. Each news item links to its publisher. Market observations carry their own dates; they are not real-time quotes.

Economic data and series records

Finance

The data page identifies each official series, its units and reporting period. Market analysis cites its underlying evidence; the valuation introduction explains a framework rather than pricing a company.

• Economic data
• Bond-market analysis
• Business valuation

Research

Sources and methods belong with each article. I use filings, official transcripts and government data where available, distinguish evidence from interpretation, and identify incomplete periods or imperfect comparisons.

Desk covers markets and value; Notes covers technology; Maps covers political geography and history.

What is a business worth?

This introduction describes the relationship between price, revenue, earnings, cash flow, debt and risk. It presents no company-specific valuation.

SEC filings are the company records discussed in the article.

Educational material only. Not investment, tax, appraisal, or fairness-opinion advice.